The production of bronze

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Ore processing

At the processing plant, the material received from the mine is crushed in several stages and is milled to a size that ensures the allocation of copper minerals from the waste or fat. In cases where the next step is leaching (most frequently in the case of oxide ores), complete liberation of the copper minerals is not always necessary; the ore needs to be crushed only to the extent in which it needs to be exposed to the leaching agents.

Flotation

In the flotation process finely ground ore, mixed with water and special reagents, is agitated by mechanical and pneumatic devices. The flotation concentrate is then dewatered and filtered to obtain a filter cake, which is sent to copper smelter.

Removal of impurities

After receiving concentrate containing copper and other metals of value (e.g. gold and silver), the next step is to remove impurity elements. A concentrate containing from 5 to 10 percent water, is first calcined in a furnace of a fluidized bed. Volatile impurities — arsenic, mercury and part of the sulfur are removed. The process is conducted in reverberation or electric arc furnace.

Processing methods

Depending on the processing — hydrometallurgy or pyrometallurgy — the process takes place at different temperatures. With a decrease in temperature decreases the amount of harmful impurities in the alloy, in particular, sulfur dioxide.

Hydrometallurgical method

Ore concentrate is injected into close contact with a leach solution (frequently sulfuric acid) that dissolves the copper and leaves only remnants of the organic compounds. Then there is the necessary additive of alloying elements. For good mixing of the melt components is purging with inert gases. After this is rinsed and the filter residue and cleaning solution from unwanted impurities. For purification of leach solutions is of great importance solvent extraction.

Refining

At the last stage as pyro-and hydrometallurgical treatment is an electrolytic refining alloy. In the electrolytic process, the electrodes are immersed in a solution consisting of copper sulfate and sulfuric acid. Through the solution to an electric current, and copper from the positively charged anode is deposited in pure form on the negatively charged starting sheet, which acts as a cathode. Minor impurities, including precious metals, are deposited at the bottom of the cell in the form of anode sludge for further processing. After refining, the percentage of impurities is reduced to 0.01%.

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You are interested in, production of bronze? Supplier KMZ offers to buy bronze any brand at economical price. Supplier guaranteed timely delivery at any address specified by the consumer.

Supplier, price

Buy bronze from a vendor KMZ can at an affordable price. The price is formed based on the European standards of production. Buy bronze any brand at a reasonable price, you can wholesale or retail. Regular customers can take advantage of the discount system of discounts from the company KMZ.